Alzheimer's Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

What Causes Alzheimer’s Disease?

The exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease is not fully understood, but several factors contribute to its development:

• Beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles: Abnormal protein deposits in the brain disrupt neural communication.
• Genetic predisposition: Family history plays a role, with certain genes increasing the risk.
• Neurotransmitter deficiencies: A lack of acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter, affects cognitive function.
• Inflammation and oxidative stress: Chronic inflammation and cell damage accelerate brain degeneration.
• Lifestyle factors: Poor diet, lack of exercise, and cardiovascular conditions contribute to cognitive decline.

Common Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s progresses through different stages, each with varying symptoms:

• Early-stage symptoms: Mild forgetfulness, difficulty finding words, trouble with planning and organization.
• Middle-stage symptoms: Increased memory loss, confusion, personality changes, difficulty recognizing loved ones.
• Late-stage symptoms: Severe cognitive decline, inability to communicate, loss of mobility, and total dependence on caregivers.

Types of Alzheimer’s Disease

• Late-onset Alzheimer’s: The most common form, occurring after age 65.
• Early-onset Alzheimer’s: A rare form affecting individuals in their 40s or 50s.
• Familial Alzheimer’s Disease (FAD): A hereditary type passed down through generations.

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s is diagnosed through a combination of methods, including:

• Cognitive assessments: Tests measuring memory, problem-solving, and language skills.
• Brain imaging: MRI and PET scans detect brain shrinkage and plaque deposits.
• Genetic testing: Identifies hereditary risk factors.
• Biomarker tests: Examine spinal fluid or blood for Alzheimer’s-related proteins.

Treatment Approaches

While there is no cure, treatment options aim to slow disease progression and manage symptoms:

Medications

• Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., Donepezil, Rivastigmine): Improve cognitive function.
• NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., Memantine): Help regulate brain activity.
• New-generation drugs (e.g., Lecanemab): Target beta-amyloid plaques.

Lifestyle & Alternative Treatments

• Cognitive therapy: Mental exercises to maintain brain function.
• Physical activity: Regular exercise enhances blood flow to the brain.
• Dietary adjustments: The Mediterranean diet, rich in antioxidants and omega-3s, supports brain health.
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Acupuncture and herbal remedies may aid in symptom management.
• Stem Cell Therapy: An emerging field exploring neuroregeneration.